Saturday, 27 December 2008

The Origins of Indian Astrology

India has always been known as a country with unity in diversity, a country that one of the most extravagant history and definitely for being a country with lots of knowledge and heritage. Indian astrology and Indian astrologers along with Indian pilgrimage locations have tremendous influence on people in India and worldwide. Indian astrology is more famously known as Jyotish or Jyotisa. These words have been derived from the Sanskrit term from jyótis, which means light, heavenly body. Astrology is known to have tremendous affect on people all around the globe. In fact, the advent of science has also not been able to demean the position of astrology and astrologers. Different countries have different methods of astrology but the main point about astrology is to have faith in it. One needs to have faith in the concept of astrology to witness the miracles of it.

Indian astrology is also referred to as Vedic astrology. The Vedic system of astrology is one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, which are the secondary disciplines of Vedic religion. As such, Jyotish has historically been part of a continuous holistic approach to living and an integral practice based on the ancient spiritual tradition of India. The foundation of jyotish or Indian astrology is the notion of the various bandhu of the Vedas or scriptures, which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. Its main purpose is to offer humanity a means to understand the role and expression of karma in individual and collective life. In fact, a major belief among Hindus is that humans have fortune and misfortune in life because of the kind of karma or in other words, deeds that they do in their present lives. Many use Jyotish to understand the various setbacks in life due to the influence of planets and thereby, perform different religious ceremonies to mitigate or avoid the pain of separation in life.

The practice of Indian astrology has been done for over hundreds of years. In fact, the very history of India shows the various involvements of Vedic astrology and how people tend to believe in it and how they led their lives as directed by astrologers. In fact, the very practice of Vedic astrology primarily relies on the visible zodiacs, which is highly different from the tropical zodiacs that are used in Western astrology in that an ayanamsa adjustment is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox. The zodiacs that are used in Vedic or Indian astrology are used to compute the ascendant, although the end results are converted to sidereal ascendants.

Vedic astrology or in other words, Indian astrology includes more than a few fine distinct sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with unique sacred elements that are just not found in Western astrology, for example its specific system of lunar mansions that are called the nakshatras, encompassing a pantheon of archetypal deities. An astrologer studies and understands the positions of these nakshatras and then they select auspicious days for several ceremonies. Indian astrology, just like the history and the richness of the Indian heritage, proves to be quite rich and full of mystery.



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The Tropical Zodiac Within Vedic Astrology

I am a Vedic Astrologer and I use the Tropical Zodiac. To many this is very close to sacrilege and a contradiction in terms. This novel way of delineating the horoscope is gaining momentum and validity within the Hindu Astrological community. I am writing this article with the purpose of giving valid and logical reasons why the Tropical Zodiac of Rasis (Signs) is to be used instead of the Sidereal Zodiac of Rasis. “Of Rasis” is stated because it is quite clear that the Sidereal Zodiac is to be used when delineating Nakshatras.


What is the Tropical Zodiac?

In America, Europe and in ancient Greece, Persia and Egypt, the Tropical Zodiac is and was always used. The Tropical Zodiac measures 12 portions of 30 degrees each beginning from the Vernal (Spring) Equinox. The Vernal Equinox is the point where the Sun crosses the equator on its way North. This is the first day of Spring and is 0 degrees Aries. Thus, a portion of 30 degrees was given to Aries, 30 degrees to Taurus, 30 degrees to Gemini and so on for 12 Signs until 360 degrees are covered. When the Sun is at its farthest northern point and begins to move South, then it is the Summer Solstice and the Sun is at 0 degrees of Cancer. For example, if one has a Sun positioned at 12 degrees of Taurus, that means that one’s Sun is 42 degrees north of the celestial equator. If a person has their Sun at 24 degrees of Leo, then their Sun is 54 degrees South of the Tropic of Cancer and 36 degrees north of the equator. The same principle of measurement is applied to all the planets. Thus, the Tropical Zodiac is based upon the Sun’s longitudinal relationship to the Earth.


What is the Sidereal Zodiac?

In regards to Rasis or Signs, the Sidereal Zodiac is made up of 30 degree portions beginning with the Nakshatra of Aswini as measured from certain fixed stars. Since astrologers use different fixed stars to determine the first point of Sidereal Aries, we have different Ayanamshas. An ayanamsha is the difference between the vernal equinox (the Sun at 0 degrees Tropical Aries) and the first point of Sidereal Aries. The Sidereal Zodiac bases the measurement of Signs on the fixed stars as opposed to measuring Signs from the relationship of the Sun to the Earth as in the Tropical Zodiac.


The Argument for a Tropical Zodiac

A rasi simply means a “heap of thirty”. That is all. Hindus use rasis in their calculations with all circles and arcs and it does not automatically infer that Zodiac signs are to be used. In about 100 A.D., a Greek astronomer by the name of Hiparchius, took the names of Aries, Taurus, Gemini and so forth and gave these names to the fixed stars starting with the first point of Aswini. This was a very grave mistake and would cause the science of astrology to be looked down upon from then on. The reason he named the constellations thus is because around this time, when the Sun was as the vernal equinox, or the 1st point of Tropical Aries, it was also at the 1st point of Aswini. Suddenly, with the help of Hipparchius, the birth of the Sidereal Zodiac of Rasis was about to be born. 100 A.D., according to Sri Yukteswar, was a time very close to the heart of Kali Yuga, the Dark Age, when important astronomical and astrological knowledge was lost and this included knowledge of the precession of the equinox. Since evidence clearly supports that the Hindus exchanged information with the Greeks and Persians, the names for the Fixed Stars were also exchanged and the Hindus named these star constellations the familiar Aries, etc. What is forgotten is that these star constellations already had names. They were the names of the Nakshatras and the names of the Chaldean and Chinese lunar mansions. The star constellations were and are the “realm of the gods”. “Swarga Loka” is the name of this heavenly realm. The story goes that they are the heavenly abodes of extremely pious beings that became “godlike” due to their austerities and were given a place in the heavens to influence the Earth. To name these stars after animals (the Signs) was a grave mistake with unfathomable ramifications.


At the same time the Hindus named their star constellations after the 12 Signs, evidence from several ancient texts shows they lost knowledge of the precession of the equinox and these measurements of 30 degrees each of the star constellations became FIXED and remained so up to the present day. Only with the help of astrologers that are also astronomers and that have studied the history of Astrology at this time, are we able to sort through this mess of the Rasis and the Sidereal Zodiac.


The Rasis before Hiparchius

The Surya Siddhanta is the greatest astronomical text of the Hindus and gives all the calculations to calculate the Lagna, the Nakshatras, planetary positions within Nakshatras and Tropical positions of the planets. NOWHERE in the Surya Siddhanta does it say to use Sidereal Signs and Sidereal positions of planets to erect a horoscope. In fact, there is more evidence in the Surya Siddhanta that the Tropical Zodiac is to be used instead of the Sidereal Zodiac when erecting horoscopes. And here is why….The Surya Siddhanta gives the calculations for finding the Nakshatra position of the planets. It then uses an ayanamsha to convert the planetary positions back to Tropical positions and from there find the Tropical Lagna. After finding the Tropical Lagna the Surya Siddhanta leaves it there. Since it is impossible to find the Sidereal Lagna without the use of the Tropical Zodiac, then it would be concluded that the Surya Siddhanta would mention to convert the Tropical Lagna back to its Sidereal position if that were indeed the method to be used. It does not mention this at all.


The Yavana Jataka, the Srimad Bhagavatam and the works of the great Varamahira all mention the Tropical Zodiac as the harbinger of the signs. Oddly, they also mention the first part of Aswini as the beginning of Aries. It becomes clear that the authors were not aware of the Precession of the Equinox and summarily thought that the 12 constellations named after the Solar Months would forever coincide with those Solar Months. With the introduction of the importance of Rasis with the Yavanas as per Yavana Jataka and the religious and philosophical importance of the Nakshatras in the daily life of the Hindu, during the time of the alignment of the two Zodiacs (around 100 A.D.), the Indians lost knowledge of precession of the equinox and therefore the Sidereal Zodiac for the Rasis was born.


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The Realm of the Gods and the Realm of the Earth

The Nakshatras of the Hindus and the Lunar Mansions of the Chaldeans and the Chinese are deified. They are also referred to as Swarga Loka, the heavenly realm. Through Parasara we know that the Planets are incarnations of God and have consciousness so they are also deified. The Rasis are also incarnations of God however they do not have consciousness and are named after earthly creatures. Their manifestation depends upon the Earth’s relationship to the Sun, therefore they are Tropical. The Nakshatras are deified beings living within the heavenly realm and therefore they are star based and are rightly represented through a Sidereal Zodiac.


Modalities of the Rasis (Signs)

Another valid argument for using the Tropical Zodiac and confirming the relationship of Rasis to the intertwined movement of the Sun and the Earth is the modalities of the Signs. Aries, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn are called moveable signs. Their common characteristic is change and their beginning heralds a change in the Sun’s movement. At 0 degrees Aries the Sun crosses the equator on its way North, changing from the Southern hemisphere to the Northern hemisphere. At 0 degrees Cancer the Sun changes from moving North to moving South. At 0 degrees Libra the Sun crosses the equator on its way South, changing hemispheres and at 0 degrees Capricorn the Sun begins to move North. If the Rasis were sidereal and not based upon the Sun’s movement in relation to the Earth, there is no valid reason why these particular signs would herald change.


The fixed Rasis, Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius, represent the Sun being steadfast and resolute on its course.


The dual Rasis, Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces, represent the Sun losing momentum on its course and getting ready for a new beginning. This is why these signs are energy transformers. The dual signs are steadfast and resolute just enough to get the job done but are also flexible enough to allow for necessary change.


Again, there is no reason for the aforementioned Signs to carry any of these qualities divorced from the fact of the Earth’s relationship to the Sun. Just having a certain constellation of Stars behind the Sun does not automatically bring these characteristics, especially if such “constellations” do not carry consciousness as they do not per Parasara. The qualities are ONLY explained by the Sun’s motion relative to the Earth.


One Zodiac, One Astrology

Astrology systems are as varied as there are cultures upon the Earth. However the many variances are rather small compared to the many similarities. This points to the fact that at one time, many centuries ago, the many different cultures practiced a unified Astrology with varying techniques and shared these techniques among themselves. And they all used the Tropical Zodiac when it came to Rasis. When delineating a horoscope, an astrologer has many techniques at his/her fingertips, the Parasara techniques, the Jaimini techniques, the Tajika techniques, the Bhrigu techniques, Western techniques and on and on. All of these techniques can accurately read the horoscope and they are all valid. That is, unless, 2 different Zodiacs are used. Tajika techniques, which originated in Tajikstan, an ancient Persian culture, are the originators of Greco-Roman astrology and thus, modern day Western Astrology. Tajika is widely used in India today. So we now know that the Indians use their aboriginal astrology techniques, Parasara, Jaimini, and Bhrigu, along with Western Astrology. Western Astrologers should be encouraged to use Parasara techniques as well and they should also incorporate the Nakshatras into their practice. The Nakshatras were widely used by Western Astrologers up until the time of the Inquisition. They were associated with black magic, black magic being anything that was not sanctioned by the Catholic Church.


The Role of the 3rd and 9th Houses

There is a saying, “with effort comes grace”. While many Vedic Astrologers are open to the idea of a Tropical Zodiac, many are not. Some resist it forcefully because of their religious beliefs or because it is not what was taught by their guru. Some resist it because they have become comfortable with their own horoscopes and do not want change. But research into the mystery of the Zodiacs by human beings weighs in favor of a Tropical Zodiac being used to delineate all horoscopes while using Rasis and not a Sidereal Zodiac for using Rasis. Human research and self-effort into this mystery has revealed a mistake was made in computation of the Zodiac around 1900 years ago. And this mistake has cost the reputation of Astrology. Human effort and scientific enquiry are 3rd house endeavors. The 3rd house is the opposite of the 9th house which is divine inspiration and knowledge or knowledge that can only be revealed through grace. The rule of opposites states that opposites at their extremes are exactly the same. Thus, the 9th house which is higher knowledge and divine grace must be balanced out with self-inquiry, research and one’s own effort to find the Truth. With a sincere effort by the individual (3rd house) the Truth will be revealed (9th house). Dogmatic beliefs and unwillingness to research has no place in Astrology if it is to become a worldwide respected science by the general populace again.


As always, research into this fascinating subject is welcomed and encouraged. Studying several horoscopes with both Zodiacs along with the history of Astrology is the only way to convince oneself of the validity of one over the other. But as we move from the Dark Age into a more enlightened age, the Truth will slowly reveal itself. It is imperative that Astrologers of all disciplines keep an open and scientific mind with regard to this subject. As an astrologer I welcome any comments and discussion to this novel approach.



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Astrology v Science

When the great Julius Caesar entered his palace on the fateful day of his murder by his own beloved friend, he had ignored the warning of the cobbler, "Beware the Ides of March "

The sage Mihira predicted that King Vikramaditya's son would be killed by a pariah (pig) at the age of eighteen, so accurately that he was then after called Varahamihira.

We have numerous instances where predictions of seers, sages and astrologers have come true. There are various methods of prediction. Here are some.

1.Inspired predictions: Some persons invoke (or, are possessed by) Divine Souls and offer predictions. They employ certain 'mantras' which when chanted with reverence as prescribed in the scriptures, help them to invoke the spirits. But they do not remember the predictions once the spirits leave them.

2.Intuitions: Every man is endowed with this power. It will simply strike in your mind that something is going to happen and it will!

3. Dreams: It is a common experience of all of us that we dream events of the past and the future.

4.Omens: Belief in the omens is widespread in most countries.

5.Numerology: Numbers represent planets. Predictions are offered based on the date of birth etc

There is also a technique called" Astro Numerology" which employs not only numbers but also the positions of planets.

Some fore-tellers also use playing cards, marbles etc.

6.Palmistry: The palm of a man is said to reveal his future. Lord Christ has said in the Bible, "And God made marks upon the hands of man that he may know".

7.Physiognomy: There is also a system of prediction, which is based on the physical characteristics of a person.

8.Astrology: It is the most popular method of prediction, based on the horoscope cast for the moment of birth or enquiry.

In this article we are concerned with astrology.

ASTROLOGY vs SCIENCE

From time immemorial, man has been observing the objects of the sky and correlating their movement to the events in his life. Great men, Philosophers and sages have asserted their belief in astrology. But there is a lobby in some quarters that astrology has no scientific basis. According to them, it is superstition to believe that the planets have any say in human activities.

What is science? According to "Encyclopedia Americana" , it is "a systematized positive knowledge". Our sages and seers have observed the movement of celestial bodies, and with their knowledge, wisdom and inspiration put forward many theories proved "positive" by experience. It has become a fancy for some to scorn astrology as superstition. These men include scientists, rationalists and politicians. Those in power secretly consult astrologers for their personal and political fortunes but do not have the courage to include the subject in the curriculum. In ancient times great astrologers adorned the royal courts and the kings consulted them on all matters. We have instances where our sages had offered astounding predictions. Belief in astrology is a part of our culture.

Let us discuss the reservations of scientists for not recognizing astrology as an exact science.

KNOWLEDGE IS TRANSFERABLE

A scientist is able to split water into two gases namely oxygen and hydrogen. He can teach the technique to anybody, and the latter can obtain the two gases from the given quantity of water. Suppose an astrologer says by studying a horoscope that the native would marry an educated girl, he should be able to tell us what combination of planets made him come to that conclusion. And anybody who knows that particular combination should make the same inference in any chart. But, the astrologer miserably fails to transfer his knowledge and escapes by saying that 'intuition' also plays a vital role in predicting events. Unfortunately, astrology lacks clear-cut theories, which help us make definite inferences.

TEST OF PROBABILITY

Modern Science, like Chemistry or Physics, is based on theories, which stand the test of probability. Imagine that you toss a coin. The Probability that you get a head is 50%. It may vary from 40% to 60% by mere chance. But only an event with 70% probability is considered a significant event by Scientists. They accept that some factor is influencing the event. If 100 persons suffering from throat cancer are examined and at least 70 are found to be smokers, then we can conclude that smoking causes the disease. "Are the dictums of astrology universally true?" Let us take the statement - "Persons born with the Moon in Aries are short-tempered". To know the truth of this statement, we have to study 100 persons having the luminary in Aries at the time of birth. If at least 70 of them are short-tempered, then we can make confident predictions.

FREE WILL

Another argument against astrology is that man has a free will. He can plan, endeavor and achieve his ends. Success depends on his will power, self-confidence hard work and knowledge. There are two schools of thought. According to Dr.B.V.Raman, the eminent astrologer, "Planets impel us, but they do not compel". Knowledge of astrology helps us know in advance any impending danger. We can resist, modify or even overcome the impulsions of the planets. But, there are others, like the elite astrologer late professor K.S.Krishnamoorthy, who say that fate is inevitable. Man has a free will but how freely he can exercise his will is already destined. You know the rules of the road and are an able driver. But if the other man comes on the wrong way and dashes against you, it is fate! According to the Karma theory of Hinduism, man's life in this birth is the result of his past deeds in the previous birth. Unless the scientific basis of astrology is established, we cannot know the truth.

RELIGION AND ATHEISM

Astrology has long been associated with religion. The religious colour has kept the elite of the society away from the subject. While rationalists tar the image of astrology, quakes and clairvoyants exploit the public. There has been neither a serious study nor research. It is not an exaggeration if one says that the veterans, who held the field of Indian Astrology for the past few decades, did not encourage new findings. Krishnamurthy System based on the constellation and sub- theories is scientific and has been found very accurate in experience by many astrologers. But these theories have found a place only recently in the astrological arena.

VEXED QUESTIONS

There is a lot of disputes among astrologers regarding Ayanamsa and house system. This is also a reason why the subject remains unattractive. “Which is the correct time of birth?", "Which ayanamsa is correct?", "Is the cusp the beginning or the midpoint of a house?" are some of the vexed questions hitherto unanswered. For a beginner, the theories are too many to comprehend and apply.

It is high time that astrologers not only quote the old books but also do their own research and publish their findings.

MY RESEARCH

I took interest in astrology sometime in the early seventies. For quite sometime I had been testing the dictums of Vedic and Western astrology with actual events in the lives of my relatives and friends. The post mortem revealed that the theories were not universally applicable. I started my own research with the profession of a person as the subject. My aim was to find out whether any particular combination existed in the horoscopes of persons engaged in any particular profession. I collected the birth particulars of a number of bank employees and teachers. I cast their horoscopes accurately and tested the various theories.



DISCOVERY ABOUT ASPECTS

By God's grace a great discovery was made by me. I found that whenever the Moon signified the X house, the house of profession, it was invariably in aspect by the planet indicating the profession, Jupiter in the case of bank employees and Mercury in the case of teachers. Sometimes the aspects were harmonious and other times adverse. I tried to know how an adverse aspect could bring the native to the profession he was engaged in. The fact was that the aspects were not actually good or bad and the result depended on the aspecting planet and the aspected planet. So I termed the aspects (Western) as positive or negative.


SIGNIFICATION OF HOUSES BY PLANETS

Later I made another discovery more interesting than the previous one. Planets gain polarity by ruling or occupying a house.


AYANAMSA



There are a number of ‘panchangs’ in vogue owing to the different ayanamsas followed by different authors. This has resulted in lot of confusion as the ‘nakshatras’, ‘thithis’ etc differ on any particular day. The horoscopes cast by different followers are different, for one and the same person.



HOUSE DIVISION

There are various systems of house-division. The cusp of a house is taken as the beginning by westerners whereas Vedic astrologers take it as the midpoint.



TWIN BIRTHS

Children born with a few minutes’ difference have different characteristics. Sometimes one survives and the other dies though they have the same Rasi and Navamsa charts.

RECTIFICATION OF BIRTH TIME

Which is the actual time of birth? Even the sages have different opinions. One says that we have to take the cutting of the umbilical chord; another asks us to take the first cry of the baby and yet another advocates the method of pre-natal epoch. Again there are numerous ways of rectifying unknown birth times.



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History of Astrology

Astrology is a type of divination based upon the idea that information about the future or about a person’s personality can be discovered through the examination of heavenly bodies such as stars, planets, the moon, comets etc. Astrology means the study that assumes and attempts to interpret the influence of heavenly bodies on human affairs. American Heritage Dictionary defines Astrology as the study of the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs. The practice of astrology was prevalent in the ancient times too. Some of the well-known civilizations of the world used this field extensively. For example, the ancient Chinese civilization, the Egyptian civilization, the ancient Indian civilization, etc all practiced astrology at some point or the other. Arabs too practiced Astrology before the advent of Islam. The ancient Babylonians were probably the first to use Astrology. After that this science moved to countries like China and India. Greek astronomer Ptolemy was the first ever person to write a book on Astrology. He codified the sun sign astrology that we know today. Ptolemy tried to predict the positions of celestial bodies relative to each other and the earth through knowledge of their orbital motions. During his time, astrology was a part of astronomy. Later, astronomy became an exact science and Astrology remained a part of Theology. Planetary observation is the basis of Astrology.

History of Astrology is an important part of civilization and goes back to the early days of the human race. Apart from being centers of learning in medicine, Baghdad and Damascus were also known as centers of astrology and astronomy. Arabs were pioneers in astronomy before the advent of Islam. The Babylonians were the first to name the days of the week after the Sun, Moon, and planets. They were also the first to set out the twelve houses of the horoscope. Egypt was one of the most important places in the development of astrology. It is thought that some of the astrological signs of the zodiac originated in Egypt. Astrology was practiced even in the Vedic times in India. Astrology is one of the six disciplines of vedanga. The Hindus believe that human fortune or misfortune in life is due to karma, and karma is believed to be influenced by the movements of the planets. Among the Hindus, Brahmins are considered to be the best authorities on astrology. In Modern India too, astrology is extensively used to determine the future and improve life. Astrology is studied and practiced by many in India. It is regarded as vital in Indian culture. It is used to make decisions about marriage, starting of new business, and moving into a new house etc. Ancient Hindu Scriptures too gives a lot of importance to the various aspects of planetary motions and its effects on humans. Chinese astrology stresses on the five elements, metal, wood, water, fire, and earth. Even the zodiac signs used by them are also different from other forms of astrology. China was isolated from the western for a long time. That is why Chinese astrology was unknown to the western world. As Chinese astrology developed independently, a lot of difference can be seen between the western concepts of astrology and the Chinese version. But the Chinese and Indian astrologers were in touch every now and then. Therefore, these two schools have a few things in common. In spite of the geographical isolation, there are a few surprising similarities between the western and the Chinese thoughts on astrology. It can only be termed as a coincidence. Even though the science of astrology was started and developed in the east, the west was never without its share of astrology. Recently, the trend of reading the daily horoscopes have caught up the western world. Suddenly, the western world has woken up to the possibility of knowing and improving their future with the use of astrology. More and more westerners have started to believe in the possibility of getting affected by the powerful planets and stars. Western scholars have included the subject of astrology in their research. Astrology was never scrutinized and researched ever before the way it has been done over the last few years. The astrologers in India claim that it is a scientific method to predict the future. They still club this field of study within the parameters of Hinduism. They say they can prove that astrological predictions are indeed scientific. Hindus almost unanimously believe in astrological predictions. In fact, religious Hindus cannot imagine life without Astrology. More and more Indians have started to build their houses according to the principles of Vastu Shashtra. This ancient Indian tradition is also governed by astrological implications. Hindus believe that the overall prosperity and benefits of the occupants is dependant on the Vastu principles while building the house. Feng shui is one of the ancient Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve harmony with the environment. It is also an off shoot of Chinese Astrology. This again is said to be scientific in nature.



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Kozmik Horoscopes. Unique 25-page Astrology Report. The Most Advanced Readings On The Planet. Click Here!

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Astrology in Judaism

Shabbethai Donalo Doctor and Astrologer (913-970) was borne in south Italy. At the age og 12 he was coptured (925) by an Arabic Batalion, his relatives had redeem him by paying for him a large amount of money.

At first he educated him self by the medicine discipline, since in those days a part of the diagnosis was done by astrology matters, he thought himself all that were known in this period in his soundings. How ever he decided to widen his knowledge by studying the Greek, Babylonian, and Indian Astrology.

In the city of Baghdad Donalo found a wise man in the name of Bagdsh who was a great scholar in mathematics and astrology, his (Donalo) conclusion about astrology was that the real basics of astrology are written by an Hebrew Talmudic Rabbi by the name of Rabbi D’Shemuel in an essay named Berayita D’rbbi Sehmuel.

Donalo settle dawn in the city named Modina in Italy serving as M.D for forty years, there Donalo wrote books on medicine, medication and astrology among other books he wrote a commentry on the astrology of the Book of Creation “Sefer H’Yetzirah” which by Hebrew tradition was written By Abraham the ancient Hebrew forefather

“ I went to explore the wisdom of the Greeks, the Arabs, the Acadian’s and the Indian’s, I did not rest until I was skilled in all nation astrology wisdom, and I compeard them with the Israelies Astrological knowledge and wisdom, and I find them all equal in there knowledge, Itookup on me to transleate all thoes books, and all my conclusion I wrote in my book “Chckmoni”which is the my commentry on “Sefer hyetzira” See: Shabbethai Donalo,the introduction in “The book Chokmoni”



Iben Ezra

Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089-1164 C.E. Spain) Ibn Ezra was born in Tudela Sapin. He led Spain in 1140,for the next three decades he wandered through Europe, spending time in Rome, Lucca, Rouen, London, and Béziers, Israel.

Ibn Ezra's literary legacy consists of short and extremely popular handbooks in a wide variety of fields: grammar and poetics, astrology and arithmetic, astronomy and religious speculations, as well as both short and lengthier biblical commentaries.Ibn Ezra wrote following astrological treatises, the most important are:

Beginning of Wisdom.

The Book of Reasons.

The Book of Nativities.

The Book of Elections.

The Book of Lights.

The Book of the world

The Treatise od the AstrolabeAn itroduction the the Book of Muhammed Ibn Al-matani, translated by Ibn Ezra.

A Translation from Arabic into Hebrew of a book by Masha’ allah on the Eclipes of the sun and the Moon

See : The Book of Reasons . translaed by Meira Epstein.

Astrology was one of Ibn Ezra's major interests, and it plays an important role in his thought ,the central place of astrology in Ibn Ezra's thought promothed and strnghnd the legitimacy of astrology, in the jewish community, scholars and layman.

There is no difference between Jews and non-Jews with regard to astral governance, in his astrological writings, the Jews are no different from other peoples, in that they too are associated with certain planets and signs; this point was not lost upon his super-commentators. Ibn Ezra's astrology, like his philosophy overall, is humanist and universal, not Jewish and particularist.

While we are going to assess Ibn Ezra writings, we should bear in mind that Ibn Ezra is not exposing to the reader all his knowledge, on the contrary, the reader is getting the impressing that Ibn Ezra is hiding his knowledge, and revealing bits hear and there, mostly regarding Astrological Astral Magic.








Maimonides


Moshe ben Maimon or Moses Maimonides- The Rambam (March 30, 1135 – December 13, 1204). Maimonides was a Rabbi, Physician, and Philosopher,

he was borne in Spain and died in Israel. Maimonides conducted his work in Spain Moroccoand Egypt and israel.

On face of it, Momonides concept and approach towards, astrology was negative namely, once should not exercises astrology. Maimonides answered an inquiry concerning astrology, addressed to him from Marseille. In this answer to inquiries from scholars of southern France, Maimonides exposes foibles and fallacies of astrology, while touching upon such questions as the sources of knowledge, creation of the world, divine providence and free will, and the Messiah. Inasmuch as this letter was intended for general circulation, with no pretense to esotericism.

Maimonides responded that man should believe only what can be supported either by rational proof, by the evidence of the senses, or by trustworthy authority. He affirms that he had studied astrology, and that it does not deserve to be described as a science. He ridicules the supposition that the fate of a man could be dependent upon the constellations; he argues that such a theory would rob life of purpose, and would make man a slave of destiny.

According to Maimonides the Heberw Astrological wisdome was lost and forgotten during the years in the long past,overviewing cearfully Mimodidas writings we cam learn about the Mimonides duality apparoch , in one aspect the Mimonides sees in Astrology the top of sciences, and on the other hand his stand is against Astrology,

See Shlomo Sela “ Astrology and Biblical Exegesis in Abraham Ibn Ezra’s Thought”

Iben Tzarza and his friends could not assimilate Mimonides opposition to astrology. Looking in to his work they came to the conclusion that so to speak, the Mimonides take a stand against Astrology,but this was only when he was referring to the crowd, to mass of people, however when the Mimonides was speaking to his peoples or to the Intellectual Jewish elite, his views were entirely different.

See : Dov Schwarrtz “Amulets,Properties and rationalism in Medieval Jewish Thoght”

Trachtenberg is another scholar who is supporting this view namely Maimonides was not opposing astrology, his opinion is that Mimonides was accepting the Astrology discipline regarding the Medical use, (in those days every Medicine Doctor was skilled in the astrology discipline) which means Maimonides give his blessing to use astrology for Medical proposes.

See: Trachtenberg, J ‘ “Jewish Magic and Superstition”

Thus Maimonides concept towards Astrology was ambivalent and dual. Maimonides had one concept for the esotericism group of scholars, and another concept for the common layman, which means, only the intellectual elite should exercises Astrology, al the others should stay away from it, because thy wont understand the discipline and material, moreover there is a danger that the common layman will believe in determinism, which will led him a way from the Jewish belief, the Jewish belief is saying:” Everything is Foreseen, but the Permit is Given. This is an Anti-thesis to determinism.


Nahmanides

Nahmanides – Moshe ben Nahman Gerondi -Ramban (1194-1270) was a Biblical commentator, Kabbalist, Philosopher and Physician.

Nahmanides studied medicine which he practiced as a means of livelihood; he also studied philosophy In his writings Nahmanides reveals a conservative tendency that distinguished his later works — an unbounded respect for the earlier authorities.In the view of Nahmanides, the wisdom of the rabbis of the Mishnah and Talmud, as well as the Geonim (rabbis of the early medieval era) was unquestionable.

Nahmanides was an adversary of Rabbi Abraham Ib Ezra. Nahmanides disagrees with him; especially with regard to Kabballa (Jewish mysticism), which is considered part of the normative Jewish tradition. Notwithstanding, he had tremendous respect for ibn Ezra, as is evidenced in his introduction to his commentary on the Five books of Moses.

Nahmanides formed part of the Spanish school of Cabalists. He was intruded into the Gnostic type of mysticism that had hitherto reigned in Jewish mysticism. This Gnostic mysticism had originated in a rabbinic gnosis of the 1st and 2d centuries A.D.The Neoplatonic trend of Nahmanides's mysticism centered on the sefirot, or "soul" or "inner life," of the hidden transcendent God. On this basis Nahmanides formed his mystical theory of history

Nahmanides was a key figur in Kabblistic esoteric persona in Spanish 13th century.Regarding his astrological atettude Nahmanides wrote a stating that while one may not ask an astrologer for a prediction, astrology itself is real. He states rules that one must ultimately trust in God, and not in any lesser force. As such, he concludes that one is forbidden to ask an astrologer for a prediction, but one may act on the words of an astrologer if advice is freely given. Ultimately he holds that while the stars give a person certain inclinations, people have the ability to overcome their own inclinations, and thus maintains free will.

Thus it is adviseble to emphesiss that the persons who were infulensive of Nahmanides concepet were Ibn Ezra and Yhuda Halevy



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The Purpose of Astrology

First let me make a short distinguish definition between Astrology and Astronomy. Astrology from the Greek word ‘star” and lógou`, "study of”. Astronomy from the Greek words astron “star” and nomos “law”, Astronomy is studding the movement, structure, and stars creation and formation.

Astrology is an ancient science, older than all the monoteistic religens, the roots of astrology are based in the dawn of civilization history, in the ancient world of Mesopotamia, I’m referring to the Akkadian Empire (2800 B.C), the Sumerian 4th millennium BC, and the Babyloniaian (2300 B.C.). In our days this area is called Iraq.

We can see the roots prosess along nearly 5000 years.Most of the worlds cultures had adopted and assimilated astrology techniques . Once cane learn, from China, India, Persia, ancient Egypt, the Hellenistic world, Arabic world, passing the Judaism along all generations and the Christian culture.

Our ancestors had already used the system of observation, and they had made statistical data processing.

Steven Forest in his book “The changing sky” A bantam book 1986 pp XVII. Is saying, “Astrology is there in the roots of the intellectual tradition that led to modern astronomy, physics and psychology”.

Astrology was and is seen as the sciences “step-son”, However Astrology is entitled the title science not less than the “Social Sciences” not mention so- called the Faculty of the Humanities, which are being taught, in the universities.

Astrology is and must work according to statistical data processing, its validity astrology gets through the concept of correlation, exactly, and in the same methodology as Physiology and Sociology, matter of fact as all the un precise sciences, and to those how are insist upon, we can add the concept “Paradigm”, Finalizing that issue in brief, Astrology should us all the researching tools and explanation as the social sciences do, coming to explain the validity of an theory.

There is an interaction between Astrology and Astronomy, Astrology is lending from Astronomy all the knowledge and the conceptual system about the cosmos, and the plants (BTW till the 15th Century Astronomy and Astrology were one discipline).

The basic difference is that Astrology is focusing upon the planet Earth as the center of the interpretational methodology, let my emphasize this, this approach is only for Astrological interpretation. Astrology does deny neither Nicolas Copernicus, nor Galileo Galilee. Hence we are saying that, let me emphasize the concept that there is no any contradiction between Astrology and Astronomy every and each of them is orbiting in his course.

The Purpose

Among the Astrological community there isn’t any agreement as for the right approach, every astrological consultant holds his views and opinion as for the right interpretation, furthermore there is a dichotomy as for the aims and astrology uses. Every group of astrologers is assimilating there on approach, which is consistence with their member’s values and life culture philosophy.

Iben Ezra was once asked about the roll of astrology, he answered that the roll of an astrologer is to help a blind man to cross the way with out being run over by a galloping herd of cattle.

Stephen Arroyo in his book “ The practice and Profession of Astrology” is defining the purpose of astrology.

At first he emphasizes that the astrologer implicates his philosophical view, since there are many kinds of astrologers there are many kinds of different influences.

However according to his opinion “ the purpose of astrology is to clarify to individuals the porous of the heavens” but once can never achieve this ideal fully,” little bit down to earth, the propose is to “ re-establish order, confidence, peace of mind” and to encourage self acceptance in oneself a or in others”.



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